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How does one go about installing pearl inlay, other than simple dots, in a fingerboard without removing the frets?

It's not ideal, but it's possible to set the depth of a dremel or such with a percision routing base to cut even with frets. Have to be careful that base doesn't fall off of a fret so you don't cut twice as deep, but it could work.

That is how I do it. You can rider the frets and set the cutter to get things as close as you can. You can over set the pearl and shim it as close as possible then cut it back with fine sand paper or a file.